Babylonian Mathematics
G. Donald Allen
Our first knowledge of mankind's use of mathematics comes from the Egyptians and Babylonians. Both civilizations developed mathematics that was similar in scope but different in particulars. There can be no denying the fact that the totality of their mathematics was profoundly elementary, but their astronomy of later times did achieve a level comparable to the Greeks.
See also: Before Pythagoras: The Culture of Old Babylonian Mathematics