Compiled by the Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence
Division, Naval Staff, Admiralty

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By Frederick Hall at the University Press, Oxford.

The present Manual has been written with a view to supplying the information which is essential to a thorough understanding of the character and aims of 'Pan-Turanianism'.

The work is divided into six chapters. The first, after stating the source and meaning of the term 'Turanian' furnishes a general survey of the Turanian race, setting forth its origin, migrations, present distribution, numbers, characteristics, language, religion, and civilization. The following chapters describe the five main branches of the Turanian people together with the subdivisions of each branch. Each chapter begins with a general characterization of the branch with which it deals. Then comes a detailed account of the tribes forming divisions of the main branch. Each is uniformly described with regard to its habitat, name, number, mode of life, characteristics, language, literature, religion, and history. This arrangement is intended to facilitate the comparison of the numerous tribes described in the Manual. Each section of a chapter concludes with a bibliographical note, while the many numbered notes relating to points of detail are relegated to the end of the chapter itself. The subject-matter is as a rule presented in such a way as to leave the reader to draw his own conclusions. But sometimes, when occasion offers, as in the comparison of the Turks and Hungarians (pp. 77-8), observations bearing on Pan-Turanianism are made. Otherwise some general conclusions that may be drawn from the data supplied in this volume are reserved for the end of the last chapter. The accompanying map presents the area occupied by Turanian populations in five colours corresponding to the five main branches, while the subdivisions are indicated by coloured names only and without boundaries^ which in all cases are somewhat indefinite. The ethnographical, in contrast with the political, frontiers are only approximate as indicated by the edges of the five colours. Thus within the confines of the yellow Mongolian area in the south-west some Tibetan, and in the extreme east some Chinese, elements are scattered.

Chapter I. Introduction

'Turania' and 'Turanian': meaning and history of the terms
Origin of the term 'Turanian'
General distribution of the Turanians
Their common characteristics
Turanian linguistic unity
Five main branches of the Turanian family
The successive migrations of the Turanians
Total Turanian population
Physical characteristics of the Turanians
Original religion of the Turanians
Turanian civilization
Notes

Chapter II. The Finno-Ugrian Division

Finno-Ugrian characteristics and civilization
History of the Finno-Ugrians
A. The Finns
i. Western or Baltic Finns
a. The Karelians
b. Other Western Finns
1. Vepsas
2. Votes
3. Esthonians
4. Livonians
c. The Lapps
ii. Eastern Finns
a. Permyaks
h, Zirians
c. Votyaks
d. The Volga group
1. Mordvins
2. Cheremisses
3. Chuvashes
B The Ugrians
a. Ugrian Ostyak
b. Voguls
c. Hungarians or Magyars
d. Hungarians and Turks
Notes

Chapter III. The Samoyed Division

a. Yuraks
b. Tavghis
c. Ostyak Samoyeds
d. Sub-tribes of the Southern Samoyeds
1. Soyotes or Soyones
2. Karagasses
3. Motars
4. Kamassins
5. Koibals
6. Beltirs
Notes

Chapter IV. The Tunqus Division

A. The northern or Siberian group and its tribes
B. The southern or Manchurian group
Notes

Chapter V. The Mongol Division

Its three branches
i. Eastern Mongols
ii. Buryats
iii. Kalmuks
Notes

Chapter VI. The Turkish Division

Turks and Mongols
Total number of Turks
Meaning of the name 'Turk'
The Turkish language and writing
Ethnic affinities and types
Turkish religion
Turkish character and civilization
Migrations of the Turks
History of the Turks
Five main groups of Turks
i. Siberian Turks
The Eastern branch: Yakuts
h. The Central or Altaian branch
Its tribes:
1. Altaians
2. Black Forest Tatars
3. Kumandins
4. Lebed Tatars
5. Shors
6. Teleuts
7. Sagais
8. Kachins
9. Kyzyls
10. Tatars of the Chulim
c. The Western branch
Its tribes:
1. Baraba Tatars
2. Tara Tatars
3. Tobol Tatars
4. Tyumen Tatars
ii. Central Asian Turks
a. The Eastern branch (Chinese Turkestan)
a. Taranchis
h. The Western branch
1. Kazak-Kirghiz
2. Kara-Kirghiz
3. Kara-Kalpaks
4. Turkmens
5. Sarts
6. Kipchaks
7. Kuramas
8. Uzbegs
iii. Volga Turks
1. Kazan Turks
2. Bashkirs
3. Astrakhan Turks and Kundurs
4. Chuvashes
5. Meshchers
6. Tepters
iv. Black Sea Turks
a. Nogaians
h. Caucasian Turks
1. Kumuks
2. Karachais
Total number of Caucasian Turks
c. Crimean Turks
V. Western Turks
a. Persian or Iranian Turks
h. Ottoman or Osmanli Turks
Conclusions
Notes

Appendix A. A German's Two Years' Journey
B. The Disturbances in Semirechie and Confiscation of Land in Turkestan
Map of Eurasia showing the distribution of Turanian Peoples