Sumer
Rare Sumerian Cuneiform Inscription Found in Malta
Italian archaeologists working in Malta have made a sensational discovery: an agate carved with cuneiform script dating back to the 2nd millennium BC, but whose votive nature can be traced to the city of Nippur, in Mesopotamia. The agate is shaped like a crescent moon. It can be deduced from the inscription that a group of worshippers dedicated the precious stone to the moon god Sin, who was worshipped in the city of Nippur (Ninurta) in Mesopotamia.
Mesopotamia
As early as 700 B.C. " the country of two rivers" is mentioned on the Egyptian monuments under the name Naharina, but no such designation appears in the cuneiform increptions (though the territory formed part of the Assyrian as it afterwards did of the Persian empire). The most settled period in the history of Mesopotamia was probably under Persian-Greek rule. Xenophon allplies the name Syria to the extremely fertile district which he traversed after having crossed the Euphrates at Thapsacus. The country beyond the Araxes (Chaboras?) he calls Arabia, -- a desert region in which his army had to suffer great hardships until it reached the "gates of Arabia." Even in later times Mesopotamia was included under the name Asayrin, or was reckoned part of Babylonia.
El antepasado del cuneiforme sumerio
El desarrollo en Sumer de la escritura pictográfica a la escritura cuneiforme, hubo de pasar por varias etapas. La ilustración inferior muestra dicho desarrollo: los primeros signos, de hacia el 3000 antes de Cristo, son claramente formas pictográficas que aparecen en el sistema proto-sumerio; los de las segundas filas ya son una representación cuneiforme de hacia el 2400 a. C., obsérvese que todavía hay un acercamiento al dibujo original, pero ya se tiende a representar las ideas por signos abstractos; finalmente, los signos de las terceras filas, del 650 a. C., son definitivamente silábicos, y allí puede verse su equivalencia fonética sumeria y su significado.
Before Pythagoras: The Culture of Old Babylonian Mathematics
Thousands of cuneiform tablets dating to the Old Babylonian Period have come to light at various sites in ancient Mesopotamia. A significant number record mathematical tables, problems, and calculations. In the 1920s these tablets began to be systematically studied by Otto Neugebauer, who spent two decades transcribing and interpreting tablets housed in European and American museums. His labors, and those of his associates, rivals, and successors, have revealed a rich culture of mathematical practice and education that flourished more than a thousand years before the Greek sages Thales and Pythagoras with whom histories of mathematics used to begin.
Irak ékköve lehet a mezopotámiai zikkurat
Nasszíria városán kívül, a sivatagban áll az ősi mezopotámiai Uruk városának zikkuratja. A több mint 4000 éves építmény a mai napig az elmúlt korok emberének szakértelmét tükrözi, ezért kulcspontosságú szerepet tölthet be annak jövőjében, mint keresett turistaattrakció.
Den store floden
Geologiske og arkeologiske undersøkelser av egnene omkring Svartehavet har vist, at dette hav har hatt en noe omtumlet tilværelse i fortiden. I de første årtusen etter siste istids avslutning dekket det således et langt mindre areal, enn det som er tilfellet i dag. Svartehavet var den gang en isolert ferskvannssjø uten forbindelse med Middelhavet.
Skapelse och världsordning i Sumer och Norden
I Mesopotamien skapades många myter under 4:d årtusendet f.Kr. Men skrivna exemplar får vi först under sista halvan av 3:de årtusendet och i synnerhet under den akkadiska periodens förbättrade kilskrift då all kultur blomstrade och formaliserades. Vi får dock använda alla perioder för att få överblick.
Serpent Imagery On Ancient Near Eastern Pottery
This dissertation investigates the appliqued serpent imagery found on pottery vessels in Mesopotamia and surrounding areas from approximately 3100 BC to the mid-second millennium BC. Chapter One presents the widely varying patterns of serpent imagery in different cultures. The zoological and biological characteristics of snakes are considered relevant to their ubiquity in the art of the world.
A Study Of Ancient Mesopotamian Foundations
This study focuses on a particular aspect of Ancient Mesopotamian architecture: the foundations of buildings and walls. The purpose is to delineate the kinds of foundations the Ancient Mesopotamians used and to try to discern the practical--and perhaps also the conceptual--reasons for building them. The method followed is to examine the archaeological evidence from the Neolothic (ca. seventh millennium) through the Early Dynastic period (Part I); and then to study the occurrences of nine Sumerian words in texts from the Early Dynastic through the Old Babylonian period (Part II). The Sumerian words are im-dub-ba, temen, ur, us/uru, ki-sa, dub-la, ki-gal and suhus.
Szarvasos pecsétek Mezopotámiából
A Chicagói Egyetem Orientalisztikai Intézetének kutatói egy 6000 éves, érintetlen várost ásnak Szíriában, amelynek segítségével talán jobban megismerhetjük a közel-keleti civilizációk születését, és a városiasodás első évezredeinek nehézségeit.
Az idő szívverése 2. rész
A régi idők csillagász-matematikusainak zsenialitása abban rejlik, hogy a kozmikus és a földi időkörök összes tagjának adataiból olyan számsort tudtak kiszűrni, mely megadja a közös nevezőket, s ezáltal egységes rendbe fűzi az égi és a földi idők periódusait – egyúttal azonos mértékű rendben - , egységbe foglalja őket a kozmikus térrel. Ez a számsor pedig a nevezett öt alapszám, minden nagyciklus-rendszer törzstényezője Kínától Yucatanig. Ők adják az egyetemes kulcsot.
Az idő szívverése 1. rész
A világkortanok fontos szerepet játszottak az ókorok mitológiáiban, mintegy alapfalakul szolgáltak a vallásbölcseleti rendszerek felépítéséhez, s végeredményben azzá váltak, amit ma történelemszemléletnek nevezünk. A négyes tagolás általánossága feltűnő, s azt hihetnők, hogy a négy évszak pergése sugallta; némely népnél csakugyan így volt (például a germánoknál), de az évszakok váltakozása nem a folytonos, fokozatos hanyatlás eszméjét kínálja a kezdeti tökélytől a bukásig, hanem a kicsiny csírából nagyra növés és az érés, majd az elhullás megújuló ritmusát hirdeti. Hogy a világidő tagolása milyen eszméből született s mit nyújt – épp e kérdésekre akarunk most felelni.
A sivatagban is építkeztek a sumérok
Négyezer éves sumér települést tártak fel Irak déli részén. A régészeti helyszín Dzikár tartományban, Nasziríjától 80 kilométerrel dél-keletre, a sivatagban, az ókori Ur városának közelében található.
Jóslási és bajelhárító rítusok az ókori Mezopotámiában
A mezopotámiai vallás témaköre rendkívül szerteágazó, az alábbiakban ennek csupán két részterületével, a jóslási és a bajelhárító rítusokkal foglalkozom. A téma tárgyalását a mezopotámiai vallás tanulmányozása kapcsán két tényező indokolja, egyrészt az a tény, mely szerint a vallásra vonatkozó mezopotámiai szöveghagyomány döntő többségét a fenti két tevékenységhez kapcsolódó források teszik ki, másfelől pedig mivel úgy vélem, hogy a két tudományos „szakterület", illetve a jóslási és a bajelhárító rítusok közötti összefüggésrendszer bemutatása révén a mezopotámiai vallásos gondolkodás legfontosabb összetevőire világíthatunk rá.
Az akkád Sarrukín, a mezopotámiai történeti emlékezet és a modern történetírás
Assurból, II. Sarrukín (721–705) uralkodásának idejéből maradt ránk egy érdekes tábla, melynek előkerült egy újbabilóni, azaz mintegy másfél évszázaddal későbbi másolata is. A szöveg számba veszi az akkád Sarrukín (2334–2279) által meghódított területeket. A leírás horizontja nyugat-kelet irányban Krétától az Iráni-fennsíkig és a Perzsa-öbölig, sőt talán az Indusig, észak-dél irányban az Eufratész forrásvidékétől a mai Ománig, de talán Núbiáig terjed. Az első részben a Sarrukínnak adót fizető területekről olvashatunk az Arábiai-félsziget városától az Amanushegységen és a szír sztyeppén át Ansanig, a hajdani elámi székvárosig.
Sumerian, Proto-Uralic, Proto-Finno-Ugrian and Hungarian
In this study I will prove that the so-called Sumerian Hypotheses of Hungarian is true. This does neither mean that Hungarian is the same as Sumerian, nor does it mean that Hungarian alone has Sumerian as its ancestor language. What I will prove with the present study is that at least 731 Hungarian lemmata which are shared by at least 1 more lemma in at least one other member of the Finno-Ugric language family can be traced back to Sumerian.
Az ősműveltségek és az areális nyelvelmélet
Az egységes indogermán ősnyelv feltételezésének kényszere nem áll fenn. Ezzel annak a szükségessége is megszűnik, hogy közös őshazát, egységes embertani fajtát és kultúrát kelljen posztulálnunk.
Sümerce'deki Türkçe tıbbi sözcükler
M.Ö. 3100-1800 yılları arasında yaşamış olan Sümerlerin dilinde, Türkçe kökenli 168 sözcük vardır. Bu sayı azımsanamayacak kadar fazladır. Çünkü iki Hint-Avrupa dili arasındaki ortak sözcüklerin sayısı da bu kadardır. Her şeyden önce Sümerlerin dilleri kesinlikle Türkçe değildir, Türkçe ile akraba da değildir; tamamen başka bir dildir
The Sumerians: Literary and other historical sources
Both Sumerian and non-Sumerian languages can be detected in the divine names and place-names. It would be particularly important to isolate the Subarian components (related to Hurrian), whose significance was probably greater than has hitherto been assumed.
The Peoples of the North
The common Japhetic background and close relationships held by the descent of Gomer, Magog, Meshekh and Tuval makes it difficult to define if a people comes from either one or the other of these four patriarchs; besides, it is certain that up to some degree they have mixed with each other during the period when they shared the same territorial area and also much later.
Armani and the Name of Her King
As to the origin and meaning of the name Armani, although we have given detailed explanations about them in our previous works, we consider it necessary to reiterate here some of the highlights because of the importance they have for the study of our present topic.
Answer to: The Proto-Sumerian Language Invention Process
Minden további hozzászólást megelőzően nagy tisztelettel tartozok a Kaliforniai Egyetem UCLA emeritus professzorának megnyilatozásáért. A hozzászólás folyamán elkerülhetetlen lesz nem észrevenni, hogy az Új Világban kialakult bölcseleti felfogás több szempontból különbözik az Óvilági, és méginkább a magyarországi felfogástól. Örvendetesen nyilatkozik meg benne a tárgyilagos humanizmus.
Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian
This “Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian” – for which I propose the abbreviation “EDH” – is based on the assumption that the Hungarian (Magyar) language is the direct successor of Sumerian.
A magyar bronzkor, Kr. e. 2800-800
A Folyamközből minden irányba kivándorló sumérok nem tűntek el, de szkíta gyűjtőnév alatt új neveken jelennek meg Eurázsia sok pontján. Műveltségük fennmarad a rokon népekkel közösen, de vezetésükkel kialakított utódokban.
The Global Economy of Music in the Ancient Near East
The present exhibit at the Bible Lands Museum bears eloquent witness to the rich body of archeological evidence for music and musicians in the ancient Near East. The inherent artistic value of such material, which includes not only representations but the remains of actual instruments, is often very high in its own right.
Grandes Civilizaciones: Mesopotamia
El Antiguo Oriente Medio y Mesopotamia conforman una vasta región y una de las cunas de la civilización. Es en esta extensa zona donde se produjo la transición fundamental desde las formas de vida basadas en la caza y la recolección hacia la agricultura. Es aquí donde por primera vez fueron levantados templos y ciudades, donde primero se trabajó el metal, donde apareció la escritura y donde surgieron grandes reinos e imperios.
Hungarian, Sumerian and Egyptian. Hungarian, Sumerian and Hebrew
In the most recent Sumerian Grammar (Edzard 2003), Dietz Otto Edzard deals on less than one page with the possible relationship between Sumerian and other languages under the title “The (hopeless) question of the linguistic affiliation of Sumerian”, thus proving to be biased from the beginning.
History Begins in Sumer
Part of Dr. David Neiman's lecture series (Cradles of Civilization) focusing on Sumer.
Ancient Astrology As A Common Root For Science And Pseudoscience
The early history of astrology is closely interrelated with the history of astronomy. Both may be studied separately, but the result may prove one-sided and one may fail to notice things of great consequence. The history of ancient astronomy must be treated jointly with the history of astrology, whose contribution to the history of science has often been underestimated.
Civilisations: The Gardens of Babel
Mesopotamia is the oldest civilisation to have flourished at the confluence of two rivers: the Tigris and the Euphrates. The Mesopotamians included various peoples, the Sumerians, the Babylonians, the Akkadians, who coexisted and succeeded one another, mixing and inter-relating in a Near East with a wide range of racial facets.
Central Asia, Mesopotamia and Sarasvati Sindhu civilization
Sarasvati Sindhu civilization is one tip of the triangle linking with the central Asian and Mesopotamian cultural areas.
Beyond Mesopotamia: A New View Of The Dawn Of Civilization
For decades, school children have learned that human civilization emerged about 5000 years ago along the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia, along the Nile, and along the Indus River.
Indus Script Encodes Language, Reveals New Study Of Ancient Symbols
The Rosetta Stone allowed 19th century scholars to translate symbols left by an ancient civilization and thus decipher the meaning of Egyptian hieroglyphics.
The Seals of the King of Urkesh
It is a singular distinction of the rulers of Urkesh that they employ a title found nowhere else in Near Eastern royal titulary: endan. We first learned about this royal title from the text of the inscriptions of Tish-Atal. We now have a second, presumably earlier, attestation, used by an individual named Tupkish.
Note su alcuni nomi di persona Hurriti
L'impulso che la recente scoperta della bilingue hurrico-ittita di Bogazköy sta dando agli studi hunitologici, ancor prima della sua integrale pubblicazione, dovrà riflettersi anche in un progresso dell'analisi di quell'importante materiale linguistico che è costituito dai nomi di persona.
Are all agglutinative languages related to one another?
In linguistics, languages can be compared to one another either by genetic or by typological classifications. Genetic relationship means that all the languages compared are (supposed to be) genetically related to one another like the members of a family.
Tell Mozan - The Epigraphic Finds of the Sixth Season
We present in this fascicle a brief preliminary report on the sixth season of excavations at Tell Mozan, in which pride of place is given to the single most important find of that season - two cuneiform tablets of the latter part of the third millennium. As the second in our sequence of official excavation reports, this monograph deals first with the broader background of the sixth season as a whole; it also takes up is some detail the issue of the general archaeological and specific stratigraphic context in which the tablets are situated.
Sumerian and Aryan
In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, there was a lively, often acrimonious debate over the existence of the Sumerians. A majority of scholars contended that the Sumerians originated the civilization of ancient Mesopotamia, and invented cuneiform writing, which they passed on, with other elements of civilization, to the Semitic Babylonians and Assyrians who appeared after them in Mesopotamia. A minority, led by Joseph Halévy of the Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes, asserted that Mesopotamian civilization was a Semitic creation, and that the so-called Sumerian texts were really Semitic texts written in a hieratic mode.
L'accadien et le basque
Analysis of a text by François Lenormant, a famous archeologist, on the languages spoken in ancient Babylon, Acadic and Sumerian, and Acadic and Assyrian in Caldea. The possible common characteristics between Acadic and Basque are mentioned. However Lenormant considers that there can be parallelism and analogy between languages without them being at all related.
Assur and Nimrod in Conflict
In the book of Genesis, we are told that Noah had three sons and sixteen grandsons. His sons were Japheth, Shem and Ham. Given that sibling rivalries would have been just as common in that period as today, if not more so, it is very likely that such rivalry occurred between the three sons of Noah and between his grandsons.
The Art of the Akkad and Post-Akkad Periods in Western Iran
The powerful Akkad dynasty, which put an end to the Sumerian city-states of Mesopotamia about 1270 B.C., extended its rule over western Iran also, especially over the south-west: Elam, with its capital city of Susa. Susa may have been a trading centre for some of the raw materials from Iran needed in Mesopotamia.
Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets
The Old-Babylonian texts published here belong for the most part to the so-called 'Budge Collections'. On internal evidence, the provenance of most of them can be shown to be ancient Sippar. This volume is the work of Professor J. J. Finkelstein, who selected and copied the texts while working on the Trustees' planned Catalogue of Babylonian Tablets.
Arte culinario en la Antigua Mesopotamia
Es sabido que para la comprensión de la Historia, seleccionamos una serie de datos proporcionados por documentos testimoniales, crónicas y memorias, que por lo general nos informan de hechos acontecidos, logrando una visión global del proceso histórico. Pero frecuentemente nos preguntamos acerca de la intrahistoria, que es la que sirve de fondo constante en el escenario de la historia cambiante, mostrando las conductas personales, las tradiciones, las costumbres de los que protagonizaron esos hechos históricos.
A manual of the ancient history of the East
The one great fact of the last fifty years in the scientific world has certainly been the revival of historical studies, and especially that conquest which has been achieved of the ancient past of the East by modem criticism, which has been alile to throw light into the darkest recesses of annals long buried in obscurity.